TurboGirl
Bushcrafter (boy, I've got a lot to say!)
Since we're on a German theme, I notice Russia released their last surviving WW2 axis POW yesterday. What a heartwarming good will gesture eh?
Biker, Happy Joan of Arc Day!
- Thread starter Goatboy
- Start date
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Hey Guest, Early bird pricing on the Summer Moot (29th July - 10th August) available until April 6th, we'd love you to come. PLEASE CLICK HERE to early bird price and get more information.
69 years in forced labour camps!!!! Wow, it is a testament to the man that he survived at all. They were certainly a hardier breed back then. I salute him.
It must be tosh. Or he must be the terminator, he wouldn't even be fully grown when captured. Unlikely to make that age. Besides other stories on the site are about tax breaks for homosexualsN and sperm bank wobberies.
Nice badge goat boy. Try some paint stripper.
Nice badge goat boy. Try some paint stripper.
TurboGirl
Bushcrafter (boy, I've got a lot to say!)
Read it, he was 14. I do very much hope its made up. I missed the story on sperm, might have to go back, perhaps there's recipes for if I forage some 
You may be right on the story though, Stalins son had a strange life and death but it doesn't sound like it was at the hands of a 14yo Another good story, RUINED by an eyewitness eh
You may be right on the story though, Stalins son had a strange life and death but it doesn't sound like it was at the hands of a 14yo
Another good story, RUINED by an eyewitness eh
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Biker! Orf with 'is 'ead! Day!
(Mary Queen of Scots Cypher code!)
Mornin' Pa, knowing our predilection for intrigue and codes I thought you'd be interested to know that on this day in 1585 - English secret service discovers Anthony Babington's murder plot against Queen Elizabeth.The Babington Plot was a plot in 1586 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, and put the rescued Mary, Queen of Scots, her Roman Catholic cousin, on the English throne. It led to the execution of Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland due to a letter sent by Queen Mary who had been imprisoned for 18 years since 1568 in England by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth and in this letter Queen Mary consented indirectly and partially to the murder of Elizabeth.
The long-term goal of the plot was an invasion by the Spanish forces of King Philip II and the Catholic League in France, leading to the restoration of the old religion in England. The plot was discovered by Walsingham and he used it to entrap Queen Mary for the purpose of execution. Babington was used by Walsingham to be the agent submitting a letter to Queen Mary to entrap her into involvement in the plot.
The chief conspirators were Sir Anthony Babington, a young recusant nobleman targeted by both Walsingham and Ballard; John Ballard, a Jesuit priest who desired to rescue the Scottish Queen; Robert Poley, a possible double agent spy assigned by Walsingham to influence and to track Babington; Gilbert Gifford, an English double agent, assigned by Walsingham as a courier; and Thomas Phelippes, a Walsingham spy agent and code decypherer. Fallen priest Gifford had been in Walsingham's service since 1585 or 1586. Gifford obtained a letter of introduction to Queen Mary from Morgan. Walsingham then placed double agent Gifford and spy decipherer Phelippes inside of Chartley Hall where Queen Mary was imprisoned. Gifford organised the Walsingham plan to place Babington's and Queen Mary's coded communications into a beer barrel cork which were then intercepted by Phelippes, decoded and sent to Walsingham.
Ballard was attempting to recruit Babington in an undeveloped scheme to rescue Queen Mary and place her on the throne of England by killing Queen Elizabeth. Meanwhile, at his own residences, Walsingham met with Babington at least three times. At one meeting Walsingham offered to introduce Babington to Queen Elizabeth, conceivably to improve recognition for assassination. Poley befriended Babington posing as a Catholic sympathesizer while actually being perhaps a Walsingham agent provocateur encouraging Babington. Babington sent a coded letter to the imprisoned Queen Mary which gave his name to the complicated multiple-sided plot.
On 7 July 1586, the only Babington letter that was sent to Queen Mary was decoded by spy Phelippes . Queen Mary responded in code on 17 July ordering the would-be rescuers to assassinate Queen Elizabeth if that was necessary for her rescue. The response letter also included decyphered phrases indicating her desire to be rescued: "The affairs being thus prepared" and "I may suddenly be transported out of this place". At the Fotheringay trial in October 1586, Queen Elizabeth's agents William Cecil and Walsingham used the letter against Queen Mary who refused to admit that she was guilty but she was betrayed by her secretaries Nau and Curle who confessed under pressure that the letter was mainly truthful, a fact not denied by Antonia Fraser the most important modern biographer of Mary ;Fraser is in general a big defender of Mary Stuart but not in this case.[SUP][2][/SUP] To understand Mary's decision to accept the murder of Elizabeth, a few facts should be taken into account; First there was a conflict of 20 years between the two women, that conflict was both political, religious and personal. It was not the first time that Mary conspired against Elizabeth who in return treated Mary in a very harsh way. Second Mary who was the queen of France and Scotland, who had a court of more than 1000 servants, who was considered the most beautiful woman in Europe and the darling of the Renaissance Period; lost all of that in her English captivity. In 1586,Mary was a prisoner for 20 years who lost her freedom, her son, her kingdom and her social life, she was a sick invalid very large woman who was unable to move without help, she was cut from any contact with her son who betrayed her, her social life was mainly confined to her bed and room where she spent almost all her time because of her health problems under heavy guard with no outside contact; finally if she was taken to another prison, it was in a closed litter under heavy guard to cut her from any interaction with the people of England. To understand Mary frame of mind,we must consider as Antonia Fraser put it that this woman who lost everything saw a chance not only to escape this intolerant captivity who could have gone for another 20 years but also achieved her ideal for a Catholic Restoration in England which was the main aim in Mary life at least in her captive years.
Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, was a legitimate heir to the throne of England. In 1568 she escaped imprisonment by Scottish rebels and sought the promised aid of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, a year after her forced abdication from the throne of Scotland. The issuance of the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis by Pope Pius V on 25 February 1570, granted English Catholics authority to overthrow the English queen. Queen Mary became the focus of numerous plots and intrigues to restore England to its former religion, to depose Elizabeth and even to take her life. Rather than the promised aid, Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Queen Mary for nineteen years in the charge of a succession of jailers, principally the Earl of Shrewsbury. In April 1585 she was transferred to the control of Sir Amias Paulet. In February 1587 Queen Elizabeth executed her rival to the English throne, her cousin, Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland and France.
In 1584 Elizabeth's Privy Council signed a "Bond of Association" designed by Cecil and Walsingham which stated that anyone within the line of succession to the throne on whose behalf anyone plotted against the Queen, even if the claimant were ignorant of the plot, would be excluded from the line and executed. This was agreed upon by hundreds of Englishmen, who likewise signed the Bond. Queen Mary also agreed to sign the Bond. The following year, Parliament passed the Act of Association, which provided for the execution of anyone who would benefit from the death of the Queen if a plot against her was discovered. Queen Mary had not actively participated in any plot to endanger Queen Elizabeth. However due to the Bond, Queen Mary could be executed if a plot was initiated by others that could lead to her accession to England's throne. In her response to the Babington letter, Queen Mary stated she "unnamed" herself as an heir to the English throne, thus prohibiting herself from accession should rescue occur.
After the Bond was signed, Queen Elizabeth ordered Queen Mary transferred back in the wintry weather of Christmas Eve 1584 to the ruined Tutbury Castle. Queen Mary became deathly ill due to the bad conditions of her captivity being always imprisoned in a very damp cold room with closed windows and with no access to the sun finally the privies stench system was directly operated below her barred windows . Queen Mary did not die but lost her health and she became an inspiration to a lot of Catholics like Babington .
In 1585, again in wintry weather, Queen Elizabeth ordered Queen Mary transferred in a coach under heavy guard and placed under the strictest confinement at Chartley Hall in Staffordshire, under the control of Sir Amias Paulet. She was prohibited any correspondence with the outside world. Puritan Paulet was chosen by Queen Elizabeth in part because he abhorred Queen Mary's Catholic faith.
Queen Elizabeth had designed a death warrant for her cousin Queen Mary a decade before the Babington plot was conceived. However she was reluctant to sign the warrant that would directly link her to the act, though later she did give orders to Paulet to murder the Scottish Queen after the trial which proved her connection with the Babington Plot. Paulet refused to comply. Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State and spymaster, together with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief advisor, realised that if Mary could be implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, she could be executed and the "Papist" threat diminished. As he wrote to the Earl of Leicester "So long as that devilish woman lives, neither Her Majesty must make account to continue in quiet possession of her crown, nor her faithful servants assure themselves of safety of their lives."
Walsingham used the Babington plot to ensnare Queen Mary by sending Gifford to Paris to obtain the confidence of Morgan then locked in the Bastille. Morgan previously worked for George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, an earlier jailor of Queen Mary. Through Shrewsbury, Queen Mary became acquainted with Morgan. Queen Mary sent Morgan to Paris to deliver letters to the French court. While in Paris Morgan became involved in a previous plot designed by Cecil's double agent William Parry, which resulted in Morgan's incarceration in the Bastille. In 1585 Gifford was arrested returning to England through Rye in Sussex with letters of introduction from Morgan to Queen Mary. Walsingham released Gifford to work as a double agent, in the Babington Plot. Gifford was assigned the alias "No. 4" and used many others in his espionage work, such as Colerdin, Pietro and Cornelys. Walsingham assigned Gifford to function as a courier in the entrapment plot against Queen Mary. Babington was discovered later though Walsingham's agent Poley who had infiltrated priest Ballard's conspiracy group. Babington was then targeted by Walsingham to write Queen Mary with a proposal of rescue.
The Babington plot was related to several separate plans:
Babington wrote Queen Mary on 7 July 1586. The letter was intercepted by Phelippes then sent to Queen Mary who has already seen Phelippes in one of her very rare recreation hours when she was taken in her coach due to her inability to walk under heavy guard. Queen Mary briefly wrote back on 13 July stating she would later provide a longer response. On 17 July Queen Mary wrote a long letter to Babington advising him of requirements for a successful rescue, stating that he must secure Mendoza's concurrence, ordered him to kill Queen Elizabeth if that was necessary to her rescue, and agreed to be rescued. Spy Phelippes decoded the letter, drew a gallows sign on it and forwarded it to Walsingham. Walsingham showed it to Queen Elizabeth who ordered Phelippes to add a forgery to Queen Mary's letter, which he did.
Twelve days after the interception of Queen Mary's response letter it was forwarded to Babington on 29 July. The following day Babington received another invitation from Walsingham to meet. 4 August Ballard was arrested. Babington sought Poley's advice. Walsingham sent his agent John Scudamore with an invitation for dinner to Babington. At the meal Babington suddenly stood and fled. He was captured, tortured, then interviewed again by Walsingham who wrote a confession for him to sign. Both Babington and Ballard were executed in September 1586.
John Ballard was arrested on 4 August 1586, and under torture he confessed and implicated Babington. Although Babington was able to receive the letter with the postscript, he was not able to reply with the names of the conspirators, as he was arrested. Others were taken prisoner by 15 August 1586. Mary's two secretaries, Claude Nau de la Boisseliere (died 1605) and Gilbert Curle (died 1609), were likewise taken into custody and interrogated.
The conspirators were sentenced to death for treason and conspiracy against the crown, and were sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. This first group included Babington, Ballard, Chidiock Tichborne, Sir Thomas Salusbury, Robert Barnewell, John Savage and Henry Donn. A further group of seven men, Edward Havington, Charles Tilney, Edward Jones, John Charnock, John Travers, Jerome Bellamy, and Robert Gage, were tried and convicted shortly afterward. Ballard and Babington were executed on 20 September 1586 along with the other men who had been tried with them. Such was the public outcry at the horror of their execution that Queen Elizabeth changed the order for the second group to be allowed to hang until dead before being disembowelled.
In October 1586 Queen Mary of Scotland was sent to trial at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire by 46 English Lords, Bishops and Earls. She was not permitted legal counsel, not permitted to review the evidence against her and not permitted to provide witnesses. Portions of spy Phellipes' letter translations were read at the trial. As the Scottish Queen, Mary was convicted of treason against the foreign country of England. One English Lord voted not guilty. Elizabeth signed her cousin's death warrant, and on 8 February 1587, in front of 300 witnesses, Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading.
(Mary Queen of Scots Cypher code!)
Mornin' Pa, knowing our predilection for intrigue and codes I thought you'd be interested to know that on this day in 1585 - English secret service discovers Anthony Babington's murder plot against Queen Elizabeth.The Babington Plot was a plot in 1586 to assassinate Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, and put the rescued Mary, Queen of Scots, her Roman Catholic cousin, on the English throne. It led to the execution of Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland due to a letter sent by Queen Mary who had been imprisoned for 18 years since 1568 in England by her cousin, Queen Elizabeth and in this letter Queen Mary consented indirectly and partially to the murder of Elizabeth.
The long-term goal of the plot was an invasion by the Spanish forces of King Philip II and the Catholic League in France, leading to the restoration of the old religion in England. The plot was discovered by Walsingham and he used it to entrap Queen Mary for the purpose of execution. Babington was used by Walsingham to be the agent submitting a letter to Queen Mary to entrap her into involvement in the plot.
The chief conspirators were Sir Anthony Babington, a young recusant nobleman targeted by both Walsingham and Ballard; John Ballard, a Jesuit priest who desired to rescue the Scottish Queen; Robert Poley, a possible double agent spy assigned by Walsingham to influence and to track Babington; Gilbert Gifford, an English double agent, assigned by Walsingham as a courier; and Thomas Phelippes, a Walsingham spy agent and code decypherer. Fallen priest Gifford had been in Walsingham's service since 1585 or 1586. Gifford obtained a letter of introduction to Queen Mary from Morgan. Walsingham then placed double agent Gifford and spy decipherer Phelippes inside of Chartley Hall where Queen Mary was imprisoned. Gifford organised the Walsingham plan to place Babington's and Queen Mary's coded communications into a beer barrel cork which were then intercepted by Phelippes, decoded and sent to Walsingham.
Ballard was attempting to recruit Babington in an undeveloped scheme to rescue Queen Mary and place her on the throne of England by killing Queen Elizabeth. Meanwhile, at his own residences, Walsingham met with Babington at least three times. At one meeting Walsingham offered to introduce Babington to Queen Elizabeth, conceivably to improve recognition for assassination. Poley befriended Babington posing as a Catholic sympathesizer while actually being perhaps a Walsingham agent provocateur encouraging Babington. Babington sent a coded letter to the imprisoned Queen Mary which gave his name to the complicated multiple-sided plot.
On 7 July 1586, the only Babington letter that was sent to Queen Mary was decoded by spy Phelippes . Queen Mary responded in code on 17 July ordering the would-be rescuers to assassinate Queen Elizabeth if that was necessary for her rescue. The response letter also included decyphered phrases indicating her desire to be rescued: "The affairs being thus prepared" and "I may suddenly be transported out of this place". At the Fotheringay trial in October 1586, Queen Elizabeth's agents William Cecil and Walsingham used the letter against Queen Mary who refused to admit that she was guilty but she was betrayed by her secretaries Nau and Curle who confessed under pressure that the letter was mainly truthful, a fact not denied by Antonia Fraser the most important modern biographer of Mary ;Fraser is in general a big defender of Mary Stuart but not in this case.[SUP][2][/SUP] To understand Mary's decision to accept the murder of Elizabeth, a few facts should be taken into account; First there was a conflict of 20 years between the two women, that conflict was both political, religious and personal. It was not the first time that Mary conspired against Elizabeth who in return treated Mary in a very harsh way. Second Mary who was the queen of France and Scotland, who had a court of more than 1000 servants, who was considered the most beautiful woman in Europe and the darling of the Renaissance Period; lost all of that in her English captivity. In 1586,Mary was a prisoner for 20 years who lost her freedom, her son, her kingdom and her social life, she was a sick invalid very large woman who was unable to move without help, she was cut from any contact with her son who betrayed her, her social life was mainly confined to her bed and room where she spent almost all her time because of her health problems under heavy guard with no outside contact; finally if she was taken to another prison, it was in a closed litter under heavy guard to cut her from any interaction with the people of England. To understand Mary frame of mind,we must consider as Antonia Fraser put it that this woman who lost everything saw a chance not only to escape this intolerant captivity who could have gone for another 20 years but also achieved her ideal for a Catholic Restoration in England which was the main aim in Mary life at least in her captive years.
Mary, Queen of Scots, a Roman Catholic, was a legitimate heir to the throne of England. In 1568 she escaped imprisonment by Scottish rebels and sought the promised aid of her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I, a year after her forced abdication from the throne of Scotland. The issuance of the papal bull Regnans in Excelsis by Pope Pius V on 25 February 1570, granted English Catholics authority to overthrow the English queen. Queen Mary became the focus of numerous plots and intrigues to restore England to its former religion, to depose Elizabeth and even to take her life. Rather than the promised aid, Queen Elizabeth imprisoned Queen Mary for nineteen years in the charge of a succession of jailers, principally the Earl of Shrewsbury. In April 1585 she was transferred to the control of Sir Amias Paulet. In February 1587 Queen Elizabeth executed her rival to the English throne, her cousin, Queen Mary Stuart of Scotland and France.
In 1584 Elizabeth's Privy Council signed a "Bond of Association" designed by Cecil and Walsingham which stated that anyone within the line of succession to the throne on whose behalf anyone plotted against the Queen, even if the claimant were ignorant of the plot, would be excluded from the line and executed. This was agreed upon by hundreds of Englishmen, who likewise signed the Bond. Queen Mary also agreed to sign the Bond. The following year, Parliament passed the Act of Association, which provided for the execution of anyone who would benefit from the death of the Queen if a plot against her was discovered. Queen Mary had not actively participated in any plot to endanger Queen Elizabeth. However due to the Bond, Queen Mary could be executed if a plot was initiated by others that could lead to her accession to England's throne. In her response to the Babington letter, Queen Mary stated she "unnamed" herself as an heir to the English throne, thus prohibiting herself from accession should rescue occur.
After the Bond was signed, Queen Elizabeth ordered Queen Mary transferred back in the wintry weather of Christmas Eve 1584 to the ruined Tutbury Castle. Queen Mary became deathly ill due to the bad conditions of her captivity being always imprisoned in a very damp cold room with closed windows and with no access to the sun finally the privies stench system was directly operated below her barred windows . Queen Mary did not die but lost her health and she became an inspiration to a lot of Catholics like Babington .
In 1585, again in wintry weather, Queen Elizabeth ordered Queen Mary transferred in a coach under heavy guard and placed under the strictest confinement at Chartley Hall in Staffordshire, under the control of Sir Amias Paulet. She was prohibited any correspondence with the outside world. Puritan Paulet was chosen by Queen Elizabeth in part because he abhorred Queen Mary's Catholic faith.
Queen Elizabeth had designed a death warrant for her cousin Queen Mary a decade before the Babington plot was conceived. However she was reluctant to sign the warrant that would directly link her to the act, though later she did give orders to Paulet to murder the Scottish Queen after the trial which proved her connection with the Babington Plot. Paulet refused to comply. Sir Francis Walsingham, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State and spymaster, together with William Cecil, Elizabeth's chief advisor, realised that if Mary could be implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth, she could be executed and the "Papist" threat diminished. As he wrote to the Earl of Leicester "So long as that devilish woman lives, neither Her Majesty must make account to continue in quiet possession of her crown, nor her faithful servants assure themselves of safety of their lives."
Walsingham used the Babington plot to ensnare Queen Mary by sending Gifford to Paris to obtain the confidence of Morgan then locked in the Bastille. Morgan previously worked for George Talbot, 6th Earl of Shrewsbury, an earlier jailor of Queen Mary. Through Shrewsbury, Queen Mary became acquainted with Morgan. Queen Mary sent Morgan to Paris to deliver letters to the French court. While in Paris Morgan became involved in a previous plot designed by Cecil's double agent William Parry, which resulted in Morgan's incarceration in the Bastille. In 1585 Gifford was arrested returning to England through Rye in Sussex with letters of introduction from Morgan to Queen Mary. Walsingham released Gifford to work as a double agent, in the Babington Plot. Gifford was assigned the alias "No. 4" and used many others in his espionage work, such as Colerdin, Pietro and Cornelys. Walsingham assigned Gifford to function as a courier in the entrapment plot against Queen Mary. Babington was discovered later though Walsingham's agent Poley who had infiltrated priest Ballard's conspiracy group. Babington was then targeted by Walsingham to write Queen Mary with a proposal of rescue.
The Babington plot was related to several separate plans:
- solicitation of a Spanish invasion of England with the purpose of deposing Protestant Queen Elizabeth and replacing her with Catholic Queen Mary;
- a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth;
- a plot by Walsingham attempting to entrap Queen Mary into agreeing to an assassination of Queen Elizabeth.
Babington wrote Queen Mary on 7 July 1586. The letter was intercepted by Phelippes then sent to Queen Mary who has already seen Phelippes in one of her very rare recreation hours when she was taken in her coach due to her inability to walk under heavy guard. Queen Mary briefly wrote back on 13 July stating she would later provide a longer response. On 17 July Queen Mary wrote a long letter to Babington advising him of requirements for a successful rescue, stating that he must secure Mendoza's concurrence, ordered him to kill Queen Elizabeth if that was necessary to her rescue, and agreed to be rescued. Spy Phelippes decoded the letter, drew a gallows sign on it and forwarded it to Walsingham. Walsingham showed it to Queen Elizabeth who ordered Phelippes to add a forgery to Queen Mary's letter, which he did.
Twelve days after the interception of Queen Mary's response letter it was forwarded to Babington on 29 July. The following day Babington received another invitation from Walsingham to meet. 4 August Ballard was arrested. Babington sought Poley's advice. Walsingham sent his agent John Scudamore with an invitation for dinner to Babington. At the meal Babington suddenly stood and fled. He was captured, tortured, then interviewed again by Walsingham who wrote a confession for him to sign. Both Babington and Ballard were executed in September 1586.
John Ballard was arrested on 4 August 1586, and under torture he confessed and implicated Babington. Although Babington was able to receive the letter with the postscript, he was not able to reply with the names of the conspirators, as he was arrested. Others were taken prisoner by 15 August 1586. Mary's two secretaries, Claude Nau de la Boisseliere (died 1605) and Gilbert Curle (died 1609), were likewise taken into custody and interrogated.
The conspirators were sentenced to death for treason and conspiracy against the crown, and were sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered. This first group included Babington, Ballard, Chidiock Tichborne, Sir Thomas Salusbury, Robert Barnewell, John Savage and Henry Donn. A further group of seven men, Edward Havington, Charles Tilney, Edward Jones, John Charnock, John Travers, Jerome Bellamy, and Robert Gage, were tried and convicted shortly afterward. Ballard and Babington were executed on 20 September 1586 along with the other men who had been tried with them. Such was the public outcry at the horror of their execution that Queen Elizabeth changed the order for the second group to be allowed to hang until dead before being disembowelled.
In October 1586 Queen Mary of Scotland was sent to trial at Fotheringhay Castle in Northamptonshire by 46 English Lords, Bishops and Earls. She was not permitted legal counsel, not permitted to review the evidence against her and not permitted to provide witnesses. Portions of spy Phellipes' letter translations were read at the trial. As the Scottish Queen, Mary was convicted of treason against the foreign country of England. One English Lord voted not guilty. Elizabeth signed her cousin's death warrant, and on 8 February 1587, in front of 300 witnesses, Mary, Queen of Scots, was executed by beheading.
Biker! Not So Happy Sitting Bull Surrender Day!
Well Pa, I'll let Uncle Kelly fill you in on the Moon Landings which have an auspicious day to celebrate today, as Uncle Kelly knows a lot more about it than I do. But today I thought I'd go over the day Chief Sitting Bull capitulated as on this day in 1881 - Sioux Indian Chief Sitting Bull, surrendered to US federal troops.
Sitting Bull (Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake in Standard Lakota Orthography, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow"; c. 1831 December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.
Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw the defeat of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull's leadership motivated his people to a major victory. Months after their victory at the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain, North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan), where he remained until 1881, at which time he surrendered to U.S. forces. A small remnant of his band under Chief Waŋblí Ǧí decided to stay at Wood Mountain.
After working as a performer, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (Tatankapah) and Red Tomahawk (Marcelus Chankpidutah) after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters. His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial, but in 1953, his remains were possibly exhumed and reburied near Mobridge, South Dakota, by his Lakota family, who wanted his body to be nearer to his birthplace.
Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull, and 186 of his family and followers to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881. Sitting Bull had his young son Crow Foot surrender his Winchester lever-action carbine to Major David H. Brotherton, commanding officer of Fort Buford in the parlour of the Commanding Officer's Quarters in a ceremony the next day. He told the 4 soldiers, 20 warriors and other guests in the small room, that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world. Two weeks later, after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada, the Army transferred Sitting Bull and his band to Fort Yates, the military post located adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency, which straddles the present-day boundary of North and South Dakota.
Sitting Bull and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other Hunkpapa gathered at the agency. Army officials were concerned that the famed chief would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands. On August 26, 1881, he was visited by the census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader's immediate family. Forty-one families, totalling 195 people, were recorded in Sitting Bull's band.
The military decided to transfer him and his band to Fort Randall, to be held as prisoners of war. Loaded onto a steamboat, the band of 172 people was sent down the Missouri River to Fort Randall (near present-day Pickstown, South Dakota on the southern border of the state). There they spent the next 20 months. They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883.
Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill circa 1895
Well Pa, I'll let Uncle Kelly fill you in on the Moon Landings which have an auspicious day to celebrate today, as Uncle Kelly knows a lot more about it than I do. But today I thought I'd go over the day Chief Sitting Bull capitulated as on this day in 1881 - Sioux Indian Chief Sitting Bull, surrendered to US federal troops.
Sitting Bull (Lakota: Tȟatȟáŋka Íyotake in Standard Lakota Orthography, also nicknamed Slon-he or "Slow"; c. 1831 December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota holy man who led his people as a tribal chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him at a time when authorities feared that he would join the Ghost Dance movement.
Before the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull had a vision in which he saw the defeat of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer on June 25, 1876. Sitting Bull's leadership motivated his people to a major victory. Months after their victory at the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States for Wood Mountain, North-West Territories (now Saskatchewan), where he remained until 1881, at which time he surrendered to U.S. forces. A small remnant of his band under Chief Waŋblí Ǧí decided to stay at Wood Mountain.
After working as a performer, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull's followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen Lieutenant Bull Head (Tatankapah) and Red Tomahawk (Marcelus Chankpidutah) after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull's supporters. His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial, but in 1953, his remains were possibly exhumed and reburied near Mobridge, South Dakota, by his Lakota family, who wanted his body to be nearer to his birthplace.
Hunger and desperation eventually forced Sitting Bull, and 186 of his family and followers to return to the United States and surrender on July 19, 1881. Sitting Bull had his young son Crow Foot surrender his Winchester lever-action carbine to Major David H. Brotherton, commanding officer of Fort Buford in the parlour of the Commanding Officer's Quarters in a ceremony the next day. He told the 4 soldiers, 20 warriors and other guests in the small room, that he wished to regard the soldiers and the white race as friends but he wanted to know who would teach his son the new ways of the world. Two weeks later, after waiting in vain for other members of his tribe to follow him from Canada, the Army transferred Sitting Bull and his band to Fort Yates, the military post located adjacent to the Standing Rock Agency, which straddles the present-day boundary of North and South Dakota.
Sitting Bull and his band of 186 people were kept separate from the other Hunkpapa gathered at the agency. Army officials were concerned that the famed chief would stir up trouble among the recently surrendered northern bands. On August 26, 1881, he was visited by the census taker William T. Selwyn, who counted twelve people in the Hunkpapa leader's immediate family. Forty-one families, totalling 195 people, were recorded in Sitting Bull's band.
The military decided to transfer him and his band to Fort Randall, to be held as prisoners of war. Loaded onto a steamboat, the band of 172 people was sent down the Missouri River to Fort Randall (near present-day Pickstown, South Dakota on the southern border of the state). There they spent the next 20 months. They were allowed to return north to the Standing Rock Agency in May 1883.
Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill circa 1895
Two very good reads there GB, much political intrigue and machinations in good queen bess's time. I didn't know how Sitting Bull met his end. Good stuff.
45 years ago today.
1969.07.20 - Apollo 11 achieves first landing of humans on the moon.
At 8:50 a.m. July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin reentered the LM and checked out all systems. They performed a maneuver at 1:11 p.m. to separate the LM from the CSM and began the descent to the moon. The LM touched down on the moon at 4:18 p.m. EDT July 20. Armstrong reported to mission control at MSC, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here - the Eagle has landed."
For the next 10 minutes Armstrong and Aldrin were occupied with several post-landing procedures, reconfiguring switches and systems. Armstrong found time to report to Mission Control what he had been too busy to tell them during the landing: that he had manually flown the lunar module over the rockstrewn crater where the automatic landing system was taking it. Then he made his first quick-look science report:
"We'll get to the details of what's around here, but it looks like a collection of just about every variety of shape, angularity, granularity, about every variety of rock you could find. . . . There doesn't appear to be too much of a general color at all. However, it looks as though some of the rocks and boulders, of which there are quite a few in the near area, it looks as though they're going to have some interesting colors to them. . . . "
After giving Houston as many clues as he could to the location of their module, he added some more description:
"The area out the left-hand window is a relatively level plain cratered with a fairly large number of craters of the 5- to 50-foot variety, and some ridges - small, 20, 30 feet high, I would guess, and literally thousands of little 1- and 2-foot craters around the area. We see some angular blocks out several hundred feet in front of us that are probably 2 feet in size and have angular edges. There is a hill in view, just about on the ground track ahead of us. Difficult to estimate, but might be half a mile or a mile. "
Armstrong and Aldrin then started preparing their spacecraft for takeoff, setting up critical systems to be ready in case something happened and they had to leave the lunar surface quickly. A short break in this activity gave Armstrong a chance to pass along more information about the landing site:
". . . The local surface is very comparable to that we observed from orbit at this sun angle, about 10 degrees sun angle, or that nature. It's pretty much without color. It's . . . a very white, chalky gray, as you look into the zero-phase line [directly toward the sun]; and it's considerably darker gray, more like . . . ashen gray as you look out 90 degrees to the sun. Some of the surface rocks in close here that have been fractured or disturbed by the rocket engine plume are coated with this light gray on the outside; but where they've been broken, they display a dark, very dark gray interior; and it looks like it could be country basalt. "
Setting up the spacecraft systems took another hour and a half to complete; then they were ready to get out and explore. The flight plan called for them to eat and then rest for four hours, but Aldrin called Mission Control to recommend starting their surface exploration in about three hours' time. Houston concurred. Although they had been awake almost 11 hours and had gone through some stressful moments during the landing, it seemed too much to expect the first men on the moon to take a nap before they made history.
While Armstrong and Aldrin tended to their postlanding chores, Mike Collins, orbiting 60 nautical miles (112 kilometers) overhead in the command module Columbia, had little to do. Houston enlisted his aid in an attempt to locate Eagle, giving him the best map coordinates they could derive from the sketchy information available. With his navigational sextant Collins scanned several spots, without success; Columbia passed over the landing site too rapidly to allow him to search the area thoroughly and he never found the lunar module. Determination of its exact location had to wait for postmission analysis of Armstrong's descriptions of the area and examination of the spacecraft's landing trajectory.
[video=youtube;RMINSD7MmT4]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4[/video]
45 years ago today.
1969.07.20 - Apollo 11 achieves first landing of humans on the moon.
At 8:50 a.m. July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin reentered the LM and checked out all systems. They performed a maneuver at 1:11 p.m. to separate the LM from the CSM and began the descent to the moon. The LM touched down on the moon at 4:18 p.m. EDT July 20. Armstrong reported to mission control at MSC, "Houston, Tranquillity Base here - the Eagle has landed."
For the next 10 minutes Armstrong and Aldrin were occupied with several post-landing procedures, reconfiguring switches and systems. Armstrong found time to report to Mission Control what he had been too busy to tell them during the landing: that he had manually flown the lunar module over the rockstrewn crater where the automatic landing system was taking it. Then he made his first quick-look science report:
"We'll get to the details of what's around here, but it looks like a collection of just about every variety of shape, angularity, granularity, about every variety of rock you could find. . . . There doesn't appear to be too much of a general color at all. However, it looks as though some of the rocks and boulders, of which there are quite a few in the near area, it looks as though they're going to have some interesting colors to them. . . . "
After giving Houston as many clues as he could to the location of their module, he added some more description:
"The area out the left-hand window is a relatively level plain cratered with a fairly large number of craters of the 5- to 50-foot variety, and some ridges - small, 20, 30 feet high, I would guess, and literally thousands of little 1- and 2-foot craters around the area. We see some angular blocks out several hundred feet in front of us that are probably 2 feet in size and have angular edges. There is a hill in view, just about on the ground track ahead of us. Difficult to estimate, but might be half a mile or a mile. "
Armstrong and Aldrin then started preparing their spacecraft for takeoff, setting up critical systems to be ready in case something happened and they had to leave the lunar surface quickly. A short break in this activity gave Armstrong a chance to pass along more information about the landing site:
". . . The local surface is very comparable to that we observed from orbit at this sun angle, about 10 degrees sun angle, or that nature. It's pretty much without color. It's . . . a very white, chalky gray, as you look into the zero-phase line [directly toward the sun]; and it's considerably darker gray, more like . . . ashen gray as you look out 90 degrees to the sun. Some of the surface rocks in close here that have been fractured or disturbed by the rocket engine plume are coated with this light gray on the outside; but where they've been broken, they display a dark, very dark gray interior; and it looks like it could be country basalt. "
Setting up the spacecraft systems took another hour and a half to complete; then they were ready to get out and explore. The flight plan called for them to eat and then rest for four hours, but Aldrin called Mission Control to recommend starting their surface exploration in about three hours' time. Houston concurred. Although they had been awake almost 11 hours and had gone through some stressful moments during the landing, it seemed too much to expect the first men on the moon to take a nap before they made history.
While Armstrong and Aldrin tended to their postlanding chores, Mike Collins, orbiting 60 nautical miles (112 kilometers) overhead in the command module Columbia, had little to do. Houston enlisted his aid in an attempt to locate Eagle, giving him the best map coordinates they could derive from the sketchy information available. With his navigational sextant Collins scanned several spots, without success; Columbia passed over the landing site too rapidly to allow him to search the area thoroughly and he never found the lunar module. Determination of its exact location had to wait for postmission analysis of Armstrong's descriptions of the area and examination of the spacecraft's landing trajectory.
[video=youtube;RMINSD7MmT4]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMINSD7MmT4[/video]
Poor old sitting bull.
Michael collins on the dark side of the moon
"I feel this powerfully -- not as fear or loneliness -- but as awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation. I like the feeling. Outside my window I can see stars -- and that is all. Where I know the moon to be, there is simply a black void, the moon's presence is defined solely by the absence of stars."
Apollo 11 Mission Patch
Design by Michael Collins
“Not since Adam has any human known such solitude as Mike Collins is experiencing during this 47 minutes of each lunar revolution when he’s behind the Moon with no one to talk to except his tape recorder aboard Columbia." missiom control
So not exactly lonely more surreal or frightening, bit likeexpecting to find the event horizon. And he designed the mission badge too!
Michael collins on the dark side of the moon
"I feel this powerfully -- not as fear or loneliness -- but as awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation. I like the feeling. Outside my window I can see stars -- and that is all. Where I know the moon to be, there is simply a black void, the moon's presence is defined solely by the absence of stars."
Apollo 11 Mission Patch
Design by Michael Collins
“Not since Adam has any human known such solitude as Mike Collins is experiencing during this 47 minutes of each lunar revolution when he’s behind the Moon with no one to talk to except his tape recorder aboard Columbia." missiom control
So not exactly lonely more surreal or frightening, bit likeexpecting to find the event horizon. And he designed the mission badge too!
Interesting stuff Cousin Pedro, was he truly alone? What distance was he from the two on the surface, can we be more isolated on Earth? Is loneliness a state of mind. Must admit to always being a bit of a loner, I like folks and 'am lucky enough to have some great and true friends but I also like my solitude. When I was off doing research I sometimes didn't hear a human voice for weeks, no contact, no radio just me, the local wildlife and some books in an isolated place. I did get a little strange I must admit and found it a little disconcerting when I got into town. But I was never lonely. I think loneliness is a state of mind rather geography.
Anyway in honour of the thoughts raised by your goodself a classic wee song...
[video=youtube;UEaKX9YYHiQ]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEaKX9YYHiQ[/video]
Anyway in honour of the thoughts raised by your goodself a classic wee song...
[video=youtube;UEaKX9YYHiQ]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEaKX9YYHiQ[/video]
Yup, Goat Boy, everyone is real stupid, keep the nutters away! As for loneliness, a quality given to vanity possessiveness unhappiness and offhandedness. A reaction to ones own social stance. Karma man!
Biker! Happy Ice Cream Cone Day!
Well Pa in all this heat you'll be glad to know that on this day in 1904 - Ice cream cone officially created by Charles E Menches during La Purchase Expo. And was enjoyed by "vanilla" types everywhere since.
An ice cream cone, poke or cornet is a dry, cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, which enables ice cream to be held in the hand and eaten without a bowl or spoon. Various types of ice cream cones include wafer (or cake) cones, waffle cones, and sugar cones.
Many novelty style cones are made, including pretzel cones and chocolate-coated cones. A variety of double wafer cone exists that allows two scoops of ice cream to be served side by side. Wafer cones are often made with a flat bottom instead of a pointed, conical shape, enabling the ice cream and "cone" to stand upright on a surface without support. These types of wafer cones are often branded as "cups".
But it's a murky past and others have tried to muscle in on the honour of creating them.
Edible cones were mentioned in French cooking books as early as 1825, when Julien Archambault described how one could roll a cone from "little waffles". Another printed reference to an edible cone is in Mrs A. B. Marshall's Cookery Book, written in 1888 by Agnes B. Marshall (1855–1905) of England. Her recipe for "Cornet with Cream" said that "the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons".
In the United States, ice cream cones were popularized in the first decade of the 20th century. On December 13, 1904, a New Yorker named Italo Marchioni received U.S. patent No. 746971 for a mold for making pastry cups to hold ice cream. Marchioni claimed that he has been selling ice cream in edible pastry holders since 1896. However, Marchioni's patent was not for a cone and he lost the lawsuits that he later filed against cone manufacturers for patent infringement.
Abe Doumar and the Doumar family can also claim credit for the ice cream cone. At the age of 16 Doumar began to sell paperweights and other items. One night, he bought a waffle from another vendor transplanted to Norfolk, Virginia from Ghent in Belgium, Leonidas Kestekidès. Doumar proceeded to roll up the waffle and place a scoop of ice cream on top. He then began selling the cones at the St. Louis Exposition. His cones were such a success that he designed a four-iron baking machine and had a foundry make it for him. At the Jamestown Exposition in 1907, he and his brothers sold nearly twenty-three thousand cones. After that, Abe bought a semiautomatic 36-iron machine, which produced 20 cones per minute and opened Doumar's Drive In in Norfolk, Virginia, which still operates at the same location over 100 years later.
The earliest cones were rolled by hand, from hot and thin wafers, but in 1912, Frederick Bruckman, an inventor from Portland, Oregon, patented a machine for rolling ice cream cones. He sold his company to Nabisco in 1928, which is still producing ice cream cones as of 2012. Independent ice-cream providers such as Ben & Jerry's make their own cones.
The Joy Ice Cream Cone Company, located in Hermitage, PA, was founded in 1917 and began to mass-produce baked ice cream cones to sell to restaurants, as well as the everyday consumer. The company handles 1.5 billion ice cream cones a year. It is said that the company is the largest ice cream cone maker in the world as of 2009.
In 1928, J.T. "Stubby" Parker of Fort Worth, Texas created an ice cream cone that could be stored in a grocer's freezer, with the cone and the ice cream frozen together as one item. He formed The Drumstick Company in 1931 to market the product, and in 1991 the company was purchased by Nestle.
In 1959, Spica, an Italian ice cream manufacturer based in Naples, invented a process whereby the inside of the waffle cone was insulated from the ice cream by a layer of oil, sugar and chocolate. Spica registered the name Cornetto in 1960. Initial sales were poor, but in 1976 Unilever bought out Spica and began a mass-marketing campaign throughout Europe. Cornetto is now one of the most popular ice creams in the world.
In 1979, a patent for a new packaging design by David Wienstien led to easier transportation of commercial ice cream cones. Wienstien's design enabled the ice cream cone to be wrapped in a wax paper package. This made the cones more sanitary while also preventing the paper wrapper from falling off during transportation, or from becoming stuck to the cone.
The Cornetto Trilogy.
[video=youtube;2rFrs3Qq45U]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rFrs3Qq45U[/video]
Well Pa in all this heat you'll be glad to know that on this day in 1904 - Ice cream cone officially created by Charles E Menches during La Purchase Expo. And was enjoyed by "vanilla" types everywhere since.
An ice cream cone, poke or cornet is a dry, cone-shaped pastry, usually made of a wafer similar in texture to a waffle, which enables ice cream to be held in the hand and eaten without a bowl or spoon. Various types of ice cream cones include wafer (or cake) cones, waffle cones, and sugar cones.
Many novelty style cones are made, including pretzel cones and chocolate-coated cones. A variety of double wafer cone exists that allows two scoops of ice cream to be served side by side. Wafer cones are often made with a flat bottom instead of a pointed, conical shape, enabling the ice cream and "cone" to stand upright on a surface without support. These types of wafer cones are often branded as "cups".
But it's a murky past and others have tried to muscle in on the honour of creating them.
Edible cones were mentioned in French cooking books as early as 1825, when Julien Archambault described how one could roll a cone from "little waffles". Another printed reference to an edible cone is in Mrs A. B. Marshall's Cookery Book, written in 1888 by Agnes B. Marshall (1855–1905) of England. Her recipe for "Cornet with Cream" said that "the cornets were made with almonds and baked in the oven, not pressed between irons".
In the United States, ice cream cones were popularized in the first decade of the 20th century. On December 13, 1904, a New Yorker named Italo Marchioni received U.S. patent No. 746971 for a mold for making pastry cups to hold ice cream. Marchioni claimed that he has been selling ice cream in edible pastry holders since 1896. However, Marchioni's patent was not for a cone and he lost the lawsuits that he later filed against cone manufacturers for patent infringement.
Abe Doumar and the Doumar family can also claim credit for the ice cream cone. At the age of 16 Doumar began to sell paperweights and other items. One night, he bought a waffle from another vendor transplanted to Norfolk, Virginia from Ghent in Belgium, Leonidas Kestekidès. Doumar proceeded to roll up the waffle and place a scoop of ice cream on top. He then began selling the cones at the St. Louis Exposition. His cones were such a success that he designed a four-iron baking machine and had a foundry make it for him. At the Jamestown Exposition in 1907, he and his brothers sold nearly twenty-three thousand cones. After that, Abe bought a semiautomatic 36-iron machine, which produced 20 cones per minute and opened Doumar's Drive In in Norfolk, Virginia, which still operates at the same location over 100 years later.
The earliest cones were rolled by hand, from hot and thin wafers, but in 1912, Frederick Bruckman, an inventor from Portland, Oregon, patented a machine for rolling ice cream cones. He sold his company to Nabisco in 1928, which is still producing ice cream cones as of 2012. Independent ice-cream providers such as Ben & Jerry's make their own cones.
The Joy Ice Cream Cone Company, located in Hermitage, PA, was founded in 1917 and began to mass-produce baked ice cream cones to sell to restaurants, as well as the everyday consumer. The company handles 1.5 billion ice cream cones a year. It is said that the company is the largest ice cream cone maker in the world as of 2009.
In 1928, J.T. "Stubby" Parker of Fort Worth, Texas created an ice cream cone that could be stored in a grocer's freezer, with the cone and the ice cream frozen together as one item. He formed The Drumstick Company in 1931 to market the product, and in 1991 the company was purchased by Nestle.
In 1959, Spica, an Italian ice cream manufacturer based in Naples, invented a process whereby the inside of the waffle cone was insulated from the ice cream by a layer of oil, sugar and chocolate. Spica registered the name Cornetto in 1960. Initial sales were poor, but in 1976 Unilever bought out Spica and began a mass-marketing campaign throughout Europe. Cornetto is now one of the most popular ice creams in the world.
In 1979, a patent for a new packaging design by David Wienstien led to easier transportation of commercial ice cream cones. Wienstien's design enabled the ice cream cone to be wrapped in a wax paper package. This made the cones more sanitary while also preventing the paper wrapper from falling off during transportation, or from becoming stuck to the cone.
The Cornetto Trilogy.
[video=youtube;2rFrs3Qq45U]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rFrs3Qq45U[/video]
The Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy (also known as the Cornetto trilogy or the Blood and Ice Cream trilogy is a series of comedic genre films directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, produced by Nira Park, and starring Pegg and Nick Frost. The trilogy consists of Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World's End (2013).
Each film in the trilogy is connected to a Cornetto ice cream, with a Cornetto of the appropriate flavour appearing in each film. Shaun of the Dead features a strawberry-flavoured Cornetto, which signifies the film's bloody and gory elements, Hot Fuzz includes the blue original Cornetto, to signify the police element to the film,and The World's End features the green mint chocolate chip flavour in a nod to aliens and science fiction.While the first two films include appearances of the ice cream itself, the last incorporates only the appearance of the wrapper.
The name originates from a "silly joke" during the promotion of Hot Fuzz, when somebody pointed the Cornetto connection out to Wright. While the three movies are not a true trilogy, they do portray a related item in each and he suggested that the three flavours of Cornetto was a reference to Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colours film trilogy, According to Wright, Wall's, manufacturer of the Cornetto, were "very pleased with the namecheck".
Each film in the trilogy is connected to a Cornetto ice cream, with a Cornetto of the appropriate flavour appearing in each film. Shaun of the Dead features a strawberry-flavoured Cornetto, which signifies the film's bloody and gory elements, Hot Fuzz includes the blue original Cornetto, to signify the police element to the film,and The World's End features the green mint chocolate chip flavour in a nod to aliens and science fiction.While the first two films include appearances of the ice cream itself, the last incorporates only the appearance of the wrapper.
The name originates from a "silly joke" during the promotion of Hot Fuzz, when somebody pointed the Cornetto connection out to Wright. While the three movies are not a true trilogy, they do portray a related item in each and he suggested that the three flavours of Cornetto was a reference to Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colours film trilogy, According to Wright, Wall's, manufacturer of the Cornetto, were "very pleased with the namecheck".
I could do with a Cornetto just now.
Today in 1962.
The "Telstar" communications satellite sent the first live TV broadcast to Europe.
Telstar is the name of various communications satellites. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 was launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures, telephone calls, fax images and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstar 2 was launched May 7, 1963. Telstar 1 and 2, though no longer functional, are still in orbit as of October 2013.
[video=youtube;4B7ypA1fSwU]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B7ypA1fSwU[/video]
Today in 1962.
The "Telstar" communications satellite sent the first live TV broadcast to Europe.
Telstar is the name of various communications satellites. The first two Telstar satellites were experimental and nearly identical. Telstar 1 was launched on top of a Thor-Delta rocket on July 10, 1962. It successfully relayed through space the first television pictures, telephone calls, fax images and provided the first live transatlantic television feed. Telstar 2 was launched May 7, 1963. Telstar 1 and 2, though no longer functional, are still in orbit as of October 2013.
[video=youtube;4B7ypA1fSwU]https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B7ypA1fSwU[/video]
TurboGirl
Bushcrafter (boy, I've got a lot to say!)
this thread reads like ahistorical news broadsheet always interesting. Really appreciate you guys x
always interesting. Really appreciate you guys x
Today in 1969, Apollo 11 splashes down.
The USS Hornet (CVS-12) was selected by the Navy as the Prime Recovery Ship (PRS) for Apollo 11, America's first lunar landing mission. On July 24, 1969, President Richard Nixon, ADM John S. McCain (CINCPAC) and a number of other dignitaries were present while Hornet recovered astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins and their spacecraft Columbia. Armstrong and Aldrin were the first two humans to walk on the Moon.
The Navy units embarked on the USS Hornet that participated in the Apollo 11 recovery were: Helicopter Anti-submarine Warfare Squadron Four (HS-4) flying the Sikorsky SeaKing SH-3D helicopter; Underwater Demolition Teams Eleven and Twelve (UDT-11 and UDT-12); Airborne Early Warning Squadron VAW-111 flying the Grumman E-1B Tracer, and Fleet Logistics Support Squadron VR-30 flying the Grumman C-1A Trader.
Columbia floated down under its 3 orange & white parachutes, hitting the water just before dawn and coming to rest in a Stable 2 (upside down) position. The astronauts triggered the release of the three flotation bags, which righted the CM in about 7 minutes. The first member of the UDT-11 recovery team jumped from helicopter #64 into the water and attached a sea anchor to the CM to keep it from drifting. Three more UDT swimmers then jumped in and attached the flotation collar to stabilize the CM in the choppy water. They inflated and positioned two life rafts - one for biological decontamination and the other for helicopter hoist operations.
The possibility of the astronauts bringing a dangerous Moon germ back to Earth was considered remote, but not impossible. At this point in the recovery, the UDT decontamination specialist, LT Clancy Hatleberg, jumped into the water from helicopter #66 and swam to one of the rafts. He donned a special Biological Isolation Garment (BIG suit) and then handed 3 other BIG suits into the spacecraft so the Apollo 11 crew could put them on. These suits created an effective biological barrier for the astronauts who had come in contact with lunar dust so any germs wouldn't spread to the recovery team.
Once the astronauts were "bagged," in their head-to-toe garments, Hatleberg assisted each one through the CM hatch into the decontamination raft. After closing the hatch, he wiped the 3 astronauts with a mitt doused with sodium-hypochlorite, a bleach-like agent, to ensure the outside of their BIGs was decontaminated from any lunar germs. In turn, one of them scrubbed him. Hatleberg then wiped parts of the CM with betadine to clean off any dust that might be present. NASA considered it very important to contain any possible outside contaminates at the scene of the splashdown.
Hatleberg signaled CDR Don Jones, pilot of helicopter #66 to position his SeaKing for the astronaut retrieval process. When the helicopter was hovering 40 feet above and slightly to the left of the spacecraft, the air crewmen in the cargo hold lowered a Billy Pugh rescue net down to the raft. The 3 astronauts were hoisted up one at a time and given a verbal physical check by NASA flight surgeon Dr. Bill Carpentier. When all 3 were aboard, the helicopter flew 1/2 mile back to the Hornet and landed on the flight deck. President Nixon and his staff watched intently from the ship's Flag Bridge.
Once Recovery One's engines were shut down and it was configured for shipboard handling, all but one member of the SeaKing's crew exited. With the 3 astronauts and NASA doctor in back, it was towed onto elevator #2. "Helo 66" was lowered into hangar bay #2 and towed to a position adjacent to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF). The astronauts exited into bright TV lights and cheers of hundreds of ship's crewmen. They walked briskly about 30 feet to the Mobile Quarantine Facility, where they were locked in.
The astronauts replaced their BIG suits with NASA flight suits and were given a more thorough physical exam by the doctor. Once they were ready, President Nixon descended from the Flag Bridge and stood by the front doorway. There, with 500 million people around the world watching on live TV, the President welcomed the lunar explorers back to Earth. The ceremony lasted about 10 minutes with a lot of light-hearted banter going back and forth. The President remarked how the world seemed bigger now but that its population never felt as close together as they did watching the mission unfold.
After the astronauts left the splashdown scene, the UDT decontamination equipment was placed in the "decon" raft and sunk. Columbia was readied for its own retrieval. As soon as President Nixon had departed, the 44,000-ton ship maneuvered carefully and crept alongside the 5-ton spacecraft. Once the CM was abreast of the island superstructure, a shot line was thrown to the UDT personnel on top of the bobbing spacecraft. Within a few minutes, the ship's Boat & Aircraft crane had "reeled" it near the starboard elevator and plucked it from the tropic waters. The flight of Apollo 11 had ended.
The Command Module was lowered onto the starboard elevator and its flotation collar removed. It was placed on a dolly, towed into hangar bay 2 and secured next to the MQF. Once a plastic tunnel was put in place connecting the two, the Moon rocks were transferred into the MQF so they could be packaged for immediate airlift back to Johnson Space Center. Soon thereafter, the rest of the dignitaries left and the USS Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor with a very unique and precious cargo!
The USS Hornet (CVS-12) was selected by the Navy as the Prime Recovery Ship (PRS) for Apollo 11, America's first lunar landing mission. On July 24, 1969, President Richard Nixon, ADM John S. McCain (CINCPAC) and a number of other dignitaries were present while Hornet recovered astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin and Michael Collins and their spacecraft Columbia. Armstrong and Aldrin were the first two humans to walk on the Moon.
The Navy units embarked on the USS Hornet that participated in the Apollo 11 recovery were: Helicopter Anti-submarine Warfare Squadron Four (HS-4) flying the Sikorsky SeaKing SH-3D helicopter; Underwater Demolition Teams Eleven and Twelve (UDT-11 and UDT-12); Airborne Early Warning Squadron VAW-111 flying the Grumman E-1B Tracer, and Fleet Logistics Support Squadron VR-30 flying the Grumman C-1A Trader.
Columbia floated down under its 3 orange & white parachutes, hitting the water just before dawn and coming to rest in a Stable 2 (upside down) position. The astronauts triggered the release of the three flotation bags, which righted the CM in about 7 minutes. The first member of the UDT-11 recovery team jumped from helicopter #64 into the water and attached a sea anchor to the CM to keep it from drifting. Three more UDT swimmers then jumped in and attached the flotation collar to stabilize the CM in the choppy water. They inflated and positioned two life rafts - one for biological decontamination and the other for helicopter hoist operations.
The possibility of the astronauts bringing a dangerous Moon germ back to Earth was considered remote, but not impossible. At this point in the recovery, the UDT decontamination specialist, LT Clancy Hatleberg, jumped into the water from helicopter #66 and swam to one of the rafts. He donned a special Biological Isolation Garment (BIG suit) and then handed 3 other BIG suits into the spacecraft so the Apollo 11 crew could put them on. These suits created an effective biological barrier for the astronauts who had come in contact with lunar dust so any germs wouldn't spread to the recovery team.
Once the astronauts were "bagged," in their head-to-toe garments, Hatleberg assisted each one through the CM hatch into the decontamination raft. After closing the hatch, he wiped the 3 astronauts with a mitt doused with sodium-hypochlorite, a bleach-like agent, to ensure the outside of their BIGs was decontaminated from any lunar germs. In turn, one of them scrubbed him. Hatleberg then wiped parts of the CM with betadine to clean off any dust that might be present. NASA considered it very important to contain any possible outside contaminates at the scene of the splashdown.
Hatleberg signaled CDR Don Jones, pilot of helicopter #66 to position his SeaKing for the astronaut retrieval process. When the helicopter was hovering 40 feet above and slightly to the left of the spacecraft, the air crewmen in the cargo hold lowered a Billy Pugh rescue net down to the raft. The 3 astronauts were hoisted up one at a time and given a verbal physical check by NASA flight surgeon Dr. Bill Carpentier. When all 3 were aboard, the helicopter flew 1/2 mile back to the Hornet and landed on the flight deck. President Nixon and his staff watched intently from the ship's Flag Bridge.
Once Recovery One's engines were shut down and it was configured for shipboard handling, all but one member of the SeaKing's crew exited. With the 3 astronauts and NASA doctor in back, it was towed onto elevator #2. "Helo 66" was lowered into hangar bay #2 and towed to a position adjacent to the Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF). The astronauts exited into bright TV lights and cheers of hundreds of ship's crewmen. They walked briskly about 30 feet to the Mobile Quarantine Facility, where they were locked in.
The astronauts replaced their BIG suits with NASA flight suits and were given a more thorough physical exam by the doctor. Once they were ready, President Nixon descended from the Flag Bridge and stood by the front doorway. There, with 500 million people around the world watching on live TV, the President welcomed the lunar explorers back to Earth. The ceremony lasted about 10 minutes with a lot of light-hearted banter going back and forth. The President remarked how the world seemed bigger now but that its population never felt as close together as they did watching the mission unfold.
After the astronauts left the splashdown scene, the UDT decontamination equipment was placed in the "decon" raft and sunk. Columbia was readied for its own retrieval. As soon as President Nixon had departed, the 44,000-ton ship maneuvered carefully and crept alongside the 5-ton spacecraft. Once the CM was abreast of the island superstructure, a shot line was thrown to the UDT personnel on top of the bobbing spacecraft. Within a few minutes, the ship's Boat & Aircraft crane had "reeled" it near the starboard elevator and plucked it from the tropic waters. The flight of Apollo 11 had ended.
The Command Module was lowered onto the starboard elevator and its flotation collar removed. It was placed on a dolly, towed into hangar bay 2 and secured next to the MQF. Once a plastic tunnel was put in place connecting the two, the Moon rocks were transferred into the MQF so they could be packaged for immediate airlift back to Johnson Space Center. Soon thereafter, the rest of the dignitaries left and the USS Hornet sailed for Pearl Harbor with a very unique and precious cargo!
Pa! In Honour of the Commonwealth Games!
Morning Pa! Well in honour of the Commonwealth Games that opened last night and as I'm on my way down to fair Glasgow to see brother Bob today I thought I'd tell you of Scottish games of yore, and not the fluffy shortbread tin type of Highland Games we see now.
Not to many miles away from me is the city of Perth were in 1396 some bloody games took place.
The Battle of the North Inch (also known as the Battle of the Clans) was a staged battle between the Chattan Confederation and the "Clan Kay" in September 1396. 30 men were selected to represent each side in front of spectators that included King Robert III of Scotland and his court, on land that is now the North Inch park in Perth, Scotland.
The Chattan Confederation killed all but one of their opponents at a cost of 19 deaths on their own side, and were awarded the victory. It is not clear who they were fighting: it may have been their traditional enemies Clan Cameron or it may have been Clan Davidson, in an internal dispute for precedence in the Chattan line of battle in future campaigns against the Camerons.
According to historian Alexander Mackintosh Shaw, Clan Chattan was composed of MacKintoshes, MacPhersons, Davidsons, MacGillivrays and Macbeans, while Marshall's History of Perth states that "it is generally accepted that the Clan Chattan were the MacKintoshes, but, as always happens with the unfortunate, no sept or clan is willing to claim kindred with the Clan Kay". Some historians identify Clan Kay with Clan Cameron, whose feud with the Chattans would last 360 years.
More recent historians, however, have suggested that the battle was an internal dispute between two clans from within Clan Chattan over who should take precedence in order of battle. This dispute had almost given the Camerons victory at the Battle of Invernahavon (1370 or 1386).
At the King's insistence, David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford and Dunbar, had attempted to get the two feuding clans to settle their differences amicably. This failed, however, which led the two chiefs to put forth the notion of a trial by combat between members of the two parties, with the monarch awarding honours to the victors and a pardon to the defeated.
The clansmen agreed, and on a Monday morning in late September, the clans marched through the streets of Perth, "to the sound of the pibroch and armed with bows and arrows, swords, targes, knives and axes," to the western banks of the River Tay. Barriers were erected on three sides of the Inch, in an attempt to keep spectators off the battlefield, with the Tay forming the natural fourth side to the north. The Gilded Arbour summerhouse of the Dominican Friary, which afforded those inside an excellent view of the Inch, was adapted into a grandstand for the King and his entourage.
Immediately prior to the commencement of the battle, it was discovered that Clan Chattan were short one man with 29. Some claim the absentee's courage had deserted him; another source states he had fallen sick. Whatever the case, the Chattans refused to fight at anything but full strength, and the opposition didn't proffer to even up the numbers.
Just when it seemed that the battle would have to be abandoned, a substitute stepped forward by the name of Henry Smith. Also known by the names Hal o' the Wynd and the Gow-Chrom, Smith was a harness-maker and armourer in the town. "Small in stature, bandy-legged, but fierce," he was promised half a French crown of gold and the guarantee that he would be maintained for life if he survived. The offer was accepted, and the battle was given the go-ahead.
The most vivid, if not imaginative, account was written by Sir Walter Scott, in The Fair Maid of Perth thus:
The battle resumed and continued until only eleven members of Clan Chattan (including Hal o' the Wynd) and one of the Camerons was still alive. The latter, realising his was a lost cause, jumped into the Tay and swam to safety, handing victory to the Chattans.
Morning Pa! Well in honour of the Commonwealth Games that opened last night and as I'm on my way down to fair Glasgow to see brother Bob today I thought I'd tell you of Scottish games of yore, and not the fluffy shortbread tin type of Highland Games we see now.
Not to many miles away from me is the city of Perth were in 1396 some bloody games took place.
The Battle of the North Inch (also known as the Battle of the Clans) was a staged battle between the Chattan Confederation and the "Clan Kay" in September 1396. 30 men were selected to represent each side in front of spectators that included King Robert III of Scotland and his court, on land that is now the North Inch park in Perth, Scotland.
The Chattan Confederation killed all but one of their opponents at a cost of 19 deaths on their own side, and were awarded the victory. It is not clear who they were fighting: it may have been their traditional enemies Clan Cameron or it may have been Clan Davidson, in an internal dispute for precedence in the Chattan line of battle in future campaigns against the Camerons.
According to historian Alexander Mackintosh Shaw, Clan Chattan was composed of MacKintoshes, MacPhersons, Davidsons, MacGillivrays and Macbeans, while Marshall's History of Perth states that "it is generally accepted that the Clan Chattan were the MacKintoshes, but, as always happens with the unfortunate, no sept or clan is willing to claim kindred with the Clan Kay". Some historians identify Clan Kay with Clan Cameron, whose feud with the Chattans would last 360 years.
More recent historians, however, have suggested that the battle was an internal dispute between two clans from within Clan Chattan over who should take precedence in order of battle. This dispute had almost given the Camerons victory at the Battle of Invernahavon (1370 or 1386).
At the King's insistence, David Lindsay, 1st Earl of Crawford and Dunbar, had attempted to get the two feuding clans to settle their differences amicably. This failed, however, which led the two chiefs to put forth the notion of a trial by combat between members of the two parties, with the monarch awarding honours to the victors and a pardon to the defeated.
The clansmen agreed, and on a Monday morning in late September, the clans marched through the streets of Perth, "to the sound of the pibroch and armed with bows and arrows, swords, targes, knives and axes," to the western banks of the River Tay. Barriers were erected on three sides of the Inch, in an attempt to keep spectators off the battlefield, with the Tay forming the natural fourth side to the north. The Gilded Arbour summerhouse of the Dominican Friary, which afforded those inside an excellent view of the Inch, was adapted into a grandstand for the King and his entourage.
Immediately prior to the commencement of the battle, it was discovered that Clan Chattan were short one man with 29. Some claim the absentee's courage had deserted him; another source states he had fallen sick. Whatever the case, the Chattans refused to fight at anything but full strength, and the opposition didn't proffer to even up the numbers.
Just when it seemed that the battle would have to be abandoned, a substitute stepped forward by the name of Henry Smith. Also known by the names Hal o' the Wynd and the Gow-Chrom, Smith was a harness-maker and armourer in the town. "Small in stature, bandy-legged, but fierce," he was promised half a French crown of gold and the guarantee that he would be maintained for life if he survived. The offer was accepted, and the battle was given the go-ahead.
The most vivid, if not imaginative, account was written by Sir Walter Scott, in The Fair Maid of Perth thus:
| | The trumpets of the King sounded a charge, the bagpipes blew up their screaming and maddening notes, and the combatants, starting forward in regular order, and increasing their pace, till they came to a smart run, met together in the centre of the ground, as a furious land torrent encounters an advancing tide. Blood flowed fast, and the groans of those who fell began to mingle with the cries of those who fought. The wild notes of the pipes were still heard above the tumult and stimulated to further exertion the fury of the combatants. At once, however, as if by mutual agreement, the instruments sounded a retreat. The two parties disengaged themselves from each other to take breath for a few minutes. About twenty of both sides lay on the field, dead or dying; arms and legs lopped off, heads cleft to the chin, slashes deep through the shoulder to the breast, showed at once the fury of the combat, the ghastly character of the weapons used, and the fatal strength of the arms which wielded them. | |
I know you Scots won't like it but the Russian gal has still got you beat.
Interesting that they thouht of germs, how very hygenic. was it the last time they did biological decontamination?
Interesting that they thouht of germs, how very hygenic. was it the last time they did biological decontamination?
http://tomrchambers.com/APOLLO - THE LUNAR QUARANTINE PROGRAM.pdf
Apollo biological decontamination program.
History
The potential problem of lunar and planetary contamination was first raised at the International Astronautical Federation VIIth Congress in Rome in 1956.
In 1958[ the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) passed a resolution stating, “The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America urges that scientists plan lunar and planetary studies with great care and deep concern so that initial operations do not compromise and make impossible forever after critical scientific experiments.” This lead to creation of the ad hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX), which met for a year and recommended that interplanetary spacecraft be sterilized, and stated, “The need for sterilization is only temporary. Mars and possibly Venus need to remain uncontaminated only until study by manned ships becomes possible” In 1959 planetary protection was transferred to the newly formed Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). COSPAR in 1964 issued Resolution 26, which
affirms that the search for extraterrestrial life is an important objective of space research, that the planet of Mars may offer the only feasible opportunity to conduct this search during the foreseeable future, that contamination of this planet would make such a search far more difficult and possibly even prevent for all time an unequivocal result, that all practical steps should be taken to ensure that Mars be not biologically contaminated until such time as this search can have been satisfactorily carried out, and that cooperation in proper scheduling of experiments and use of adequate spacecraft sterilization techniques is required on the part of all deep space probe launching authorities to avoid such contamination.
In 1967, most of the world's nations ratified the United Nations Outer Space Treaty.
The legal basis for Planetary Protection lies in Article IX of this treaty:
"Article IX: ... States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose...
This treaty has been signed by almost all nations including the main space faring nations.
For forward contamination, the phrase to be interpreted is "harmful contamination", which could have varying meanings. However, an unofficial legal review concluded that Article IX must mean that “any contamination which would result in harm to a state’s experiments or programs is to be avoided”, and this is how it has come to be interpreted.
The 1979 Moon Treaty governing the activities of states on the Moon and other celestial bodies has more extended treatment of the subject of contamination, however it has not been ratified by any space faring nation to date:
5.3. In carrying out activities under this Agreement, States Parties shall promptly inform the Secretary-General, as well as the public and the international scientific community, of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the moon, which could endanger human life or health, as well as of any indication of organic life....
7.1. In exploring and using the moon, States Parties shall take measures to prevent the disruption of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse changes in that environment, by its harmful contamination through the introduction of extra-environmental matter or otherwise. States Parties shall also take measures to avoid harmfully affecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of extraterrestrial matter or otherwise.
Apollo biological decontamination program.
History
The potential problem of lunar and planetary contamination was first raised at the International Astronautical Federation VIIth Congress in Rome in 1956.
In 1958[ the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) passed a resolution stating, “The National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America urges that scientists plan lunar and planetary studies with great care and deep concern so that initial operations do not compromise and make impossible forever after critical scientific experiments.” This lead to creation of the ad hoc Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration (CETEX), which met for a year and recommended that interplanetary spacecraft be sterilized, and stated, “The need for sterilization is only temporary. Mars and possibly Venus need to remain uncontaminated only until study by manned ships becomes possible” In 1959 planetary protection was transferred to the newly formed Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). COSPAR in 1964 issued Resolution 26, which
affirms that the search for extraterrestrial life is an important objective of space research, that the planet of Mars may offer the only feasible opportunity to conduct this search during the foreseeable future, that contamination of this planet would make such a search far more difficult and possibly even prevent for all time an unequivocal result, that all practical steps should be taken to ensure that Mars be not biologically contaminated until such time as this search can have been satisfactorily carried out, and that cooperation in proper scheduling of experiments and use of adequate spacecraft sterilization techniques is required on the part of all deep space probe launching authorities to avoid such contamination.
In 1967, most of the world's nations ratified the United Nations Outer Space Treaty.
The legal basis for Planetary Protection lies in Article IX of this treaty:
"Article IX: ... States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose...
This treaty has been signed by almost all nations including the main space faring nations.
For forward contamination, the phrase to be interpreted is "harmful contamination", which could have varying meanings. However, an unofficial legal review concluded that Article IX must mean that “any contamination which would result in harm to a state’s experiments or programs is to be avoided”, and this is how it has come to be interpreted.
The 1979 Moon Treaty governing the activities of states on the Moon and other celestial bodies has more extended treatment of the subject of contamination, however it has not been ratified by any space faring nation to date:
5.3. In carrying out activities under this Agreement, States Parties shall promptly inform the Secretary-General, as well as the public and the international scientific community, of any phenomena they discover in outer space, including the moon, which could endanger human life or health, as well as of any indication of organic life....
7.1. In exploring and using the moon, States Parties shall take measures to prevent the disruption of the existing balance of its environment, whether by introducing adverse changes in that environment, by its harmful contamination through the introduction of extra-environmental matter or otherwise. States Parties shall also take measures to avoid harmfully affecting the environment of the earth through the introduction of extraterrestrial matter or otherwise.
