I had a real eye-opener in the south of Germany when my friend was "stung" by something when we were cycling to a friend of hers in a village on the shores of the Bodensee. The friend, Hilde, called The Witch by her husband due to her in-depth knowledge of traditional herbal folk remedies, went out to the roadside and returned with 6 or 8 "Spitzwegerich" leaves (I think that's "spitz = point; "weg" = path; something like - point-leaf beside the path), Plantago Lanceolata, or narrowleaf plantain.
By this time the "sting", which became instantly an angry red and was described as burning, convincing me it was a cleg bite (horse/gad fly), was inflamed, swollen and very nasty looking. Hilde said it was the bite of a Bremse (?), which I've ever since believed to be Deutsch for Cleg!
However, the crushed narrowleaf plantain was applied to the bite and I have to say that I've never witnessed anything like it, as the pain was relieved almost instantly and the swelling and inflamation subsided within half an hour.
Astonishing!