Among the earliest cultures utilizing swastika is the neolithic
Vinča culture of South-East Europe (see
Vinča symbols). More extensive use of the Swastika can be traced to
Ancient India, during the
Indus Valley Civilization.
The swastika is a repeating design, created by the edges of the reeds in a square basket-weave. Other theories attempt to establish a connection via
cultural diffusion or an explanation along the lines of
Carl Jung's
collective unconscious.
The genesis of the swastika symbol is often treated in conjunction with
cross symbols in general, such as the
sun cross of pagan
Bronze Age religion. Beyond its certain presence in the "
proto-writing" symbol systems emerging in the
Neolithic,[SUP]
[10][/SUP] nothing certain is known about the symbol's origin. There are nevertheless a number of speculative hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the cross symbols and the swastika share a common origin in simply symbolizing the
sun. Another hypothesis is that the 4 arms of the cross represent 4 aspects of nature - the sun, wind, water, soil. Some have said the 4 arms of cross are four seasons, where the division for 90-degree sections correspond to the
solstices and
equinoxes. The Hindus represent it as the Universe in our own spiral galaxy in the fore finger of Lord Vishnu. This carries most significance in establishing the creation of the Universe and the arms as 'kal' or time, a calendar that is seen to be more advanced than the lunar calendar (symbolized by the
lunar crescent common to Islam) where the seasons drift from calendar year to calendar year. The
luni-solar solution for correcting season drift was to
intercalate an extra month in certain years to restore the lunar cycle to the solar-season cycle. The
Star of David is thought to originate as a symbol of that calendar system, where the two overlapping triangles are seen to form a partition of 12 sections around the perimeter with a 13th section in the middle, representing the 12 and sometimes 13 months to a year. As such, the Christian cross, Jewish hexagram star and the Muslim crescent moon are seen to have their origins in different views regarding which calendar system is preferred for marking holy days. Groups in higher latitudes experience the seasons more strongly, offering more advantage to the calendar represented by the swastika/cross. (Note relation to the
sun cross.)