Biker, Happy Joan of Arc Day!

Goatboy

Full Member
Jan 31, 2005
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Bleddy hell mate you must be bored.
No I don't really drink tea or coffee anymore and I had two coffees today, that much caffeine whacking into my system just made me a bit in need of stimulus. Think of Spuds interview in Trainspotting.

Warning a couple of bad words, over 18's only.

[video=youtube;vPKhhne8mCs]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPKhhne8mCs[/video]
 

crosslandkelly

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Jun 9, 2009
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Ha ha, I see! Got back from Suffolk today, I'm knackered. Slept badly last night, not sure why? Was warm and comfy, just every little noise woke me up. still had a great time though. Pouring with rain here, so I don't know if I'm working tomorrow or not. Speak to you tomorrow.
 

Goatboy

Full Member
Jan 31, 2005
14,956
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Scotland
Sleep tight Uncle Kelly DLTBBB!

Ha ha, I see! Got back from Suffolk today, I'm knackered. Slept badly last night, not sure why? Was warm and comfy, just every little noise woke me up. still had a great time though. Pouring with rain here, so I don't know if I'm working tomorrow or not. Speak to you tomorrow.
 

Goatboy

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Jan 31, 2005
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Biker! Happy Gatling Gun Day!
[video=youtube;FtrX9vKPqtg]http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtrX9vKPqtg[/video]
Pa, on this day in 1862 - Dr Richard Gatling patents Gatling machine gun .

The Gatling gun is one of the best-known early rapid-fire weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun. Invented by Richard Gatling, it is known for its use by the Union forces during the American Civil War in the 1860s, which was the first time it was employed in combat. Later it was used in the Boshin War and still later in the assault on San Juan Hill during the Spanish-American War.
The Gatling gun's operation centred on a cyclic multi-barrel design which facilitated cooling and synchronized the firing/reloading sequence. Each barrel fired a single shot when it reached a certain point in the cycle, after which it ejected the spent cartridge, loaded a new round, and in the process, cooled down somewhat. This configuration allowed higher rates of fire to be achieved without the barrel overheating.

The Gatling gun was designed by the American inventor Dr. Richard J. Gatling in 1861 and patented November 4, 1862. Gatling wrote that he created it to reduce the size of armies and so reduce the number of deaths by combat and disease, and to show how futile war is.
Although the first Gatling gun was capable of firing continuously, it required a person to crank it; therefore it was not a true automatic weapon. The Maxim gun, invented in 1884, was the first true fully automatic weapon, making use of the fired projectile's recoil force to reload the weapon. Nonetheless, the Gatling gun represented a huge leap in firearm technology.
Prior to the Gatling gun, the only weapons available to militaries capable of firing many projectiles in a short space of time were mass-firing volley weapons like the French Reffye mitrailleuse in 1870–1871, or field cannons firing canister, much like a very large shotgun. The latter were widely used during and after the Napoleonic Wars. Although the maximum rate of fire was increased by firing multiple projectiles simultaneously, these weapons still needed to be reloaded after each discharge, which for multi-barrel systems like the mitrailleuse was cumbersome and time-consuming. This negated much of the advantage of their high rate of fire per discharge, making them much less powerful on the battlefield. In comparison, the Gatling gun offered a rapid and continuous rate of fire without having to manually reload by opening the breech.
The original Gatling gun was a field weapon which used multiple rotating barrels turned by a hand crank, and firing loose (no links or belt) metal cartridge ammunition using a gravity feed system from a hopper. The Gatling gun's innovation lay neither in the rotating chamber mechanism, first used by the Puckle gun nearly a century and a half before, nor in the use of multiple barrels to limit overheating (used by the mitrailleuse gun); rather, the innovation was the gravity feed reloading system, which allowed unskilled operators to achieve a relatively high rate of fire of 200 rounds per minute.

[SUP]The Gatling gun was hand-crank operated with six barrels revolving around a central shaft, although some models had as many as ten. Early models had a fibrous matting stuffed in among the barrels which could be soaked with water to cool the barrels down. Later models eliminated the matting-filled barrels as being counterproductive.
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[SUP]
The ammunition was initially a steel cylinder charged with black powder and primed with a percussion cap, because self-contained brass cartridges had not yet been fully developed and become available. The shells were gravity-fed into the breech through a hopper or stick magazine on top of the gun. Each barrel had its own firing mechanism. After 1861, new brass cartridges similar to modern cartridges replaced the paper cartridge, but Gatling did not switch to them immediately.
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[SUP]The Model 1881 was designed to use the 'Bruce'-style feed system (U.S. Patents 247,158 and 343,532) that accepted two rows of .45-70 cartridges. While one row was being fed into the gun, the other could be reloaded, thus allowing sustained fire. The final gun required four operators. By 1876, the gun had a theoretical rate of fire of 1,200 rounds per minute, although 400 rounds per minute was more likely in combat.
Each barrel fires once per revolution at about the same position. The barrels, a carrier, and a lock cylinder were separate and all mounted on a solid plate revolving around a central shaft, mounted on an oblong fixed frame. The carrier was grooved and the lock cylinder was drilled with holes corresponding to the barrels. Each barrel had a single lock, working in the lock cylinder on a line with the barrel. The lock cylinder was encased and joined to the frame. The casing was partitioned, and through this opening the barrel shaft was journaled. In front of the casing was a cam with spiral surfaces. The cam imparted a reciprocating motion to the locks when the gun rotated. Also in the casing was a cocking ring with projections to cock and fire the gun.
Turning the crank rotated the shaft. Cartridges, held in a hopper, dropped individually into the grooves of the carrier. The lock was simultaneously forced by the cam to move forward and load the cartridge, and when the cam was at its highest point, the cocking ring freed the lock and fired the cartridge. After the cartridge was fired the continuing action of the cam drew back the lock bringing with it the spent cartridge which then dropped to the ground.
The grouped barrel concept had been explored by inventors since the 18th century, but poor engineering and the lack of a unitary cartridge made previous designs unsuccessful. The initial Gatling gun design used self-contained, reloadable steel cylinders with a chamber holding a ball and black-powder charge, and a percussion cap on one end. As the barrels rotated, these steel cylinders dropped into place, were fired, and were then ejected from the gun. The innovative features of the Gatling gun were its independent firing mechanism for each barrel and the simultaneous action of the locks, barrels, carrier and breech.
The smallest-calibre gun also had a Broadwell drum feed in place of the curved magazine of the other guns. The drum, named after L. W. Broadwell, an agent for Gatling's company, comprised twenty stick magazines arranged around a central axis, like the spokes of a wheel, each holding twenty cartridges with the bullet noses oriented toward the central axis. This invention was patented in U. S. 110,338. As each magazine emptied, the drum was manually rotated to bring a new magazine into use until all 400 rounds had been fired.
By 1893, the Gatling was adapted to take the new .30 Army smokeless cartridge. The new M1893 guns featured six barrels, and were capable of a maximum (initial) rate of fire of 800–900 rounds per minute. Dr Gatling later used examples of the M1893 powered by electric motor and belt to drive the crank. Tests demonstrated the electric Gatling could fire bursts of up to 1,500 rpm.
The M1893, with minor revisions, became the M1895, and 94 guns were produced for the U.S. Army by Colt. Four M1895 Gatlings under Lt. John H. Parker saw considerable combat during the Santiago campaign in Cuba in 1898. The M1895 was designed to accept only the Bruce feeder. All previous models were unpainted, but the M1895 was painted olive drab (O.D.) green, with some parts left blued.
The Model 1900 was very similar to the model 1895, but with only a few components finished in O.D. green. The U.S. Army purchased a quantity of M1900s. All Gatling Models 1895–1903 could be mounted on an armoured field carriage. In 1903, the Army converted its M1900 guns in .30 Army to fit the new .30-03 cartridge (standardized for the M1903 Springfield rifle) as the M1903. The later M1903-'06 was an M1903 converted to .30-06. This conversion was principally carried out at the Army's Springfield Armoury arsenal repair shops. All models of Gatling guns were declared obsolete by the U.S. Army in 1911, after 45 years of service.
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Goatboy

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Jan 31, 2005
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Monday's STRANGE BUT TRUE!
Bad Weather Makes for a Long Day. A strong jet stream can add or subtract microseconds from a day.

Do you ever feel like some days drag on longer than others? That feeling may be psychological, but actual day length really does fluctuate--by a fraction of a millisecond. (A millisecond is one thousandth of a second)

The length of a day, which is measured by the time it takes Earth to rotate once on its axis, can be measured to an accuracy of about 10 microseconds, or 10 millionths of a second. Earth's rotational rate depends on the distribution of mass across its surface. This includes the roiling aggregation of gases that comprise the atmosphere, the solid earth itself, its fluid core, and the sloshing ocean. For example, when a major earthquake shifts the planet's mass, it can slow or speed the day by as much as a few thousandths of a second.

In fact, the Indonesian Sumatra earthquake in December 2004 that spawned a deadly tsunami moved so much water that it slightly changed our planet's shape and sped its rotation by 2.68 microseconds, or nearly three millionths of a second.

This change in rotational speed, though it is minimal, has been observed for centuries. In 1695 English astronomer Sir Edmund Halley (who also discovered the eponymous periodic comet) hypothesized that the moon was accelerating in its orbit. In reality, Earth's rotation was slowing down, making it appear that the moon was gathering speed.

Since then, scientists have used various methods to measure our planet's rotation, including astronomical devices such as the sundial as well as satellites and lunar observations. And these days scientists have placed thousands of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers around the world that can track Earth's orientation to within a few millimetres, says geophysicist Richard Gross of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, Calif. JPL keeps an in-house database of Earth's rotation dating back to 1962.

Gross says that the most important processes affecting day length are changes in the weather, especially unusual variations in the strength and direction of the winds, which bring on alterations in the global circulation of the atmosphere and ocean. In particular, the vast, high-altitude wind currents known as jet streams, which arise from the differences in temperature between the warm tropics and cooler high latitudes, are responsible for shortening or speeding the day.

Perhaps it's not surprising, then, that global warming may actually speed the day, a fact noted by the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In one study published in Geophysical Research Letters in 2007, scientists at the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg, Germany, estimated the mass redistribution resulting from ocean warming would shorten the day by 120 microseconds, or nearly one tenth of a millisecond, over the next two centuries.

Such changes—whether caused by global warming or earthquakes—remain too small to be reliably detected at present, Gross says. After all, there are 86,400 seconds in a 24-hour day and billions of microseconds. Even with GPS, predicting changes in day length remains as difficult as forecasting the weather.

On April 17, 2008, for instance, the day lasted 1.1686 milliseconds longer than the norm According to Gross, the excess varies: Just a few years ago, days were about three milliseconds longer. And all those milliseconds add up: Over the course of a year, scientists estimate that the fluctuations add about a second.

But don't worry, scientists are on top of the phenomenon. The National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., occasionally adds a "leap second" to the atomic clocks used to standardize time. The last such update took place on January 1, 2006. There's plenty of time to adjust your calendars: "If the excess length of day continues to be about 1.2 milliseconds, another leap second won't be needed for about three years," Gross wrote in an e-mail.


 

crosslandkelly

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Today in 1922:


British archaeologist Howard Carter and his workmen discover a step leading to the tomb of King Tutankhamen in the Valley of the Kings in Egypt.

When Carter first arrived in Egypt in 1891, most of the ancient Egyptian tombs had been discovered, though the little-known King Tutankhamen, who had died when he was 18, was still unaccounted for. After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for "King Tut's Tomb," finally finding steps to the burial room hidden in the debris near the entrance of the nearby tomb of King Ramses VI in the Valley of the Kings. On November 26, 1922, Carter and fellow archaeologist Lord Carnarvon entered the interior chambers of the tomb, finding them miraculously intact.

Thus began a monumental excavation process in which Carter carefully explored the four-room tomb over several years, uncovering an incredible collection of several thousand objects. The most splendid architectural find was a stone sarcophagus containing three coffins nested within each other. Inside the final coffin, which was made out of solid gold, was the mummy of the boy-king Tutankhamen, preserved for more than 3,000 years. Most of these treasures are now housed in the Cairo Museum.

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Goatboy

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There's been a few short reports on the believed spontaneous combustion of his mummy whilst they were origionally embalming him, will see if I can dig one out.

Here you go Unc; LINK

Feeling a bit more refreshed this morning?
 

crosslandkelly

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Much better thanks. I saw the spontaneous combustion article this morning, as I was searching the web. It's all good stuff. More useless info to fill my head.
The Gattling gun post was interesting, the fact that the war department kept it in use for 45 years, speaks volumes about it's usefulness, at a time when gun technology was racing ahead.
 

Goatboy

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Jan 31, 2005
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Yup, must've been demoralising being forced to march in a line towards those things.

An older friend who's father was an original WWII Commando told tale of a defensive position he was sent to on the coast of the Med where they had this line of really stiff wire around the position, all kinked deliberately into bends and curves. He asked what it was for and it was explained that this wire followed the form of the terrain of the beach area at thigh height "X" amount of yards out. If they were attacked in the dark they would run the gimpies and brens along this wire taking the guys in the legs then bodies as they fell.


He had some pretty chilling stories.
 

Biker

Bushcrafter (boy, I've got a lot to say!)
Fascinating story about the wires set up for the brenguns. Some clever thinking too.

Read that King Tut article with relish, I just love archaeology like that. There were some interesting comments left by people about the burning and missing bones etc. Some say Carter heated the coffins to melt the bitumen to break the seals and ended up setting fire to the mummy. Just repeating what's been said by people who replied.

Anyway thanks for another commemoration day.

No work then CLK? I worked the weekend on the house and the battery drill screwdriver snatched on a screw and twisted badly enough to wrench my shoulder. Haven't had anything like that happen in ages. So I'm taking it easy today catching up on drawing for my website.

Wishing you kids a pleasant day, play nicely.
 

crosslandkelly

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Jun 9, 2009
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That must have been a powerful drill Aaron, or did you have the torque set too high. I've had that happen with an old Wolf electric drill, nearly threw me across the room. Day off for me today, so I'm doing bit and pieces to the workshop. Take care.
 

Biker

Bushcrafter (boy, I've got a lot to say!)
That must have been a powerful drill Aaron, or did you have the torque set too high. I've had that happen with an old Wolf electric drill, nearly threw me across the room. Day off for me today, so I'm doing bit and pieces to the workshop. Take care.

I keep the torque set on max, I don't trust the clutch and I'm used to using it that way, but position and what I was doing caught me by surprise as the screw stopped but the driver continued turning. It happens when you least expect it. "Poop happens" as I'm sure they say in Convents.

"Doing bits and pieces to the workshop" eh? Pictures, or it didn't happen :lmao:
 

Goatboy

Full Member
Jan 31, 2005
14,956
18
Scotland
No work then CLK? I worked the weekend on the house and the battery drill screwdriver snatched on a screw and twisted badly enough to wrench my shoulder. Haven't had anything like that happen in ages. So I'm taking it easy today catching up on drawing for my website.

Wishing you kids a pleasant day, play nicely.

Hurt his shoulder with a screw gun eh, eh! Nudge, nudge... We believe you Pa. Well Huon and Peter don't but they aren't trai... loyal like me. Yeah not fond of torque settings, stay on buttons and lanyards on power tools. Asking for trouble. Still though, inventive excuse Pa.
 

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