Aragorn, IMO the problem with your stove is that once it gets going, the flames/heat simply shoots up the chimney, bypassing the "hot plate".
I would double the length of the stove (from front to back), making two "hot plates" of thick cast iron on the top, one sitting towards the front, one towards the rear. If you can weld some (heat collecting) baffles to the underside of these, so much the better.
Aim to have the fire towards the front of the unit.
Cut and weld in an extra plate, which will slope from the floor immediately below the gap between the two hot plates, sloping up towards the upper rear corner of the unit. The idea is to have a small gap through which the concentrated heat will pass through, at speed. This blast of heat should hit the baffles on the underside of the rear plate.
I've never built one myself, but lots of people have something looking similar in their sheds/outhouses/farm sheds, etc. , something to do with the cold here!
OK sauna time here, gotta shoot!