Chances are if I have a knife I will also have a sharpener. I'm not sure what you mean by a survival situation but for the most part, the closest I would come to an outdoors survival situation is getting lost in the woods and having to spend a night out or taking a spill in my canoe in the backcountry in late fall or early spring. My knives are always sharp when I go into the woods so it's unlikely that they would become so dull as to not be useful in a one to three day survival situation. Nevertheless, I almost always carry a sharpening tool of some sort, even if it's just a piece of sandpaper folded up and placed in my pocket.
If you are traveling to third world countries, it's common to find folks who sharpen their knives on rocks. In this situation, it's best to have a knife in the lower Rockwell range, like most machetes and butcher knives. In general, if you are really concerned about finding yourself in a survival situation where you will be requried to sharpen your knife on a rock, I'd stick with carbon blades hardened at closer to 40-50 Rockwell than 60 Rockwell. Cheap, soft steel knives are used by indigenous peoples around the world and apparently, they work quite well.
For stainless, I've found Marttiini leukus and puukkos very easy to sharpen yet they hold a pretty good edge (second from left in photo).