Surgical masks protect others (a bit) from you, if you are infectious, by stopping you spreading aerosols and droplets containing the virus. It doesn’t protect you particularly well, because air can still move around the sides of the masks.
FFP2 and FFP3 masks provide you with protection from others around you, by filtering the air that you breath in (the air has to go through the mask). It also protects others from you, as long as you don’t have an exhale valve on it.
Surgical masks offer some protection and are better than a buff over your mouth and nose, but they are not that great.
The main reasons for not requiring people to wear more protective masks were that they weren’t available, were needed more by certain groups of workers and that it was felt that it would be unfair to ask people, who might be financially struggling, to buy the more expensive masks.
Hmmm, it's not that simple. The thing with RPE (respiratory protective equipment) is that without a decent face-fit, even an FFP3 won't do much good. There's a whole thing about correct handling, donning, removal and maintenance of RPE which is essential if it is to do it's job. (I get sooooo annoyed when you see something like BBC Repair Shop presenters using a dusk mask to "protect" whilst spraying paint and not wearing it correctly, may as well not wear it at all).
As someone who in my professional life has had to specify RPE for hazardous substances of various types (in line with HSE guidance) and check efficacy, I found the whole COVID "mask" arguments rather disingenuous.
For quite some time, we have known that the only way to properly protect workers from (say) silica dust is to provide air-fed hoods. If an employer gave them surgical masks instead (or even FFP3 for anything more than brief and sporadic exposure) they would have been in deep doo-doo with the HSE. Silica dust particles are a magnitude bigger that viruses....... [and so the real PPE scandal IMO is the lack of air-fed RPE for front-line NHS staff].
Surgical masks
might (if used correctly) help reduce spreading of contaminated snot, but that's about all.
The thing with FFP3-type filtering facepieces is, that if worn correctly (i.e. effective) they can be quite hard to breathe/work in, which is why air-fed or powered filtering respirators are used where protection is done properly, the user needs to work physically and the RPE needs to be worn for more than a short time.
Perhaps another lesson is that we had previously forgotten as a society how to deal with serous illness and convalescence...... and failed to learn from other world countries (e.g. South Africa) with more experience about how to handle illness and recovery.
GC