Like any craft skill, repairing clothing right takes knowledge, practice and the right tools. You will make better progress if you have a sewing machine and know how to use it. Any-which-way, there are a LOT of videos on YouTube showing how to sew light fabrics. I haven't looked at clothing, or patching, but Jellyfish and thejasonofalltrades have good sewing videos that could help with figuring out the mechanics of sewing light fabrics.
As said, a patch must be sewn down, and the damage sewn to the patch. The edges of the patch must be folded under, or edged in such a way that they do not fray. If the garment has multiple layers, and you only want to sew through the outer layer, then you have but two options; disassembly so that you can get at the inside of the outer layer of fabric, then put the garment back together, or you had stitch the patch.
I am sure there are plenty of instructionals about patching clothes.
Best of luck! And if the choice is between sewing, tape, or binning, you have nothing at all to lose from trying to sew first.
Chris