As other posters have mentioned there are loads of Grand Randonees (GR) routes across the European alps. Many are circuits but many are linear and could probably be joined up to pass through the various areas you're interested in.
I've done the Tour du Mont Blanc which is an amazing journey round the Mont Blanc massif through France, Italy and Switzerland. You'd be hard pressed to walk it in a week, as someone else mentioned, unless you're super fit or cheating! It took me 11 days of walking over 14 days (a couple of stops due to bad weather).
I've also done the Walker's Haute Route (High Route) from Chamonix in France to Zermatt in Switzerland. This is longer and harder than the TMB but is a proper linear walk from the famous French ski valley, across the French speaking part of Switzerland and to the foot of the Matterhorn (think Toblerone) in the German speaking part of Switzerland.
I've done parts of the Tour of the Grands Combins in Switzerland / Italy and also plenty of walking / climbing from the Arolla valley in Switzerland to Argentiere in France and found it's quite easy to pick bits out of different GR routes and join them up to move from one location to another.
If you're comfortable crossing glaciers you've got even more options open to you, but you then have to carry crampons, axe and rope.
As for maps, you're probably going to need a few! But the Swiss maps in particular are so beautiful that I've never seen that as a bad thing
Good luck with your planning, it's half the fun!
-Dave