Even though I work with wood, I know very little about it for bush craft use!
I do keep two tree identification apps on my iphone which are very useful.
A few things that spring to mind are (and I am sure many of posters will massively expand my list):
Willow, is good for carving, and has the ability to remove its bark from small diameter branches in one piece. This is useful for making whistles and tubes.
Hazel dries to become very very strong, and is lighter than aluminium for walking poles etc. It burns very well on a fire, and produces a good hot flame, even when quite damp or green. You can eat the hazel nuts when ripe
Lime is very easy to carve, and it naturally antiseptic
Hawthorn, does not burn at all well. Its thorns have lead to inflammation of the skin, and thorn punctures can be painful for days. You can eat the berries from this tree, but you can also eat the leaves too, which are know as 'bread and cheese'. This was obviously a name given by someone who ate stale cheese and bread
Alder just does not burn at all, but will only smoulder on the fire. It tends to look dead once it has fallen from the tree. But it does have a pithy inner, which can easily be removed to make blow pokers or tubing.
Birch. The out bark burns well, even from a small spark. The bark can be made into cups or pots, which if damp, can be placed onto embers to boil water in. Canoes can be made from the wood. It is not difficult to carve either.
Pine burns well. Its resin can be used as a candle, or can be put into a missing tooth filling to form a temporary cover. It is not good for carving, and makes tools sticky and blunt.
Oak, lasts forever, and resists rotting. it is very hard to carve if the piece is older than about four or five years old (in tree life terms). Its acorns can be eaten but you MUST blanch them thoroughly first to remove the tannin from them. Once this is done you can use then for bread and coffee
Walnut. Very pretty, but is hard to carve. This is a slow burning wood, so is better for roasting rather than boiling. You can eat the walnuts which are ripe in october time
Blackthorn. I find this similar to hawthorn
Elder. You can eat the elderberries, and burns better than alder (not surprisingly)
Sweet chestnut. A roasting wood, very pretty, and the chestnuts are edible raw or cooked (look up how to cook them, to avoid explosions)
Horse chestnut. Not actually related to sweet chestnut, but also has a pretty wood. Conkers are not edible
Yew. This is traditionally used for lots of bush craft stuff, but there are said to be curses placed on anyone who fells a yew tree (and especially from a church yard) Although I do not go in for superstitions, I do know of several tree surgeons who have had nasty accidents or died after working on Yews.
Cypress. This burns well
Cedar. A lovely coloured wood, which is ultralight weight once dried. It does not rot, as it contains its own natural source of oil, which will not dry out. This is a great fire starter once dried.
Those are just a few off the top of my head.
I am sure there are many on here, with an intimate knowledge of uses for wood in bushcraft.
